Engineering Materials

  Kevlar is one of the most emerging materials of the moment, and which, in turn, enjoy a versatile utility in different industrial and production fields. Kevlar has a unique combination of high strength, high modulus, toughness and thermal stability. It was developed for demanding industrial and advanced-technology applications. This paper is based on a detailed summary of this aramid fiber, analyzing each of its applications, highlighting which are its most essential uses for today's world and justifying the special peculiarity of the composition of its fibers. This document also comprehensively and precisely covers the exposition of the material's properties, both physical and mechanical, clarifying and introducing information such as its Young’s modulus value, the elongation capacity of its fibers, and even the manufacturing and development process of this polymer.

  Additive Manufacturing or 3D printing is in simple terms, the process of building a part by layering material according to a programmed path. There are many ways in which this is achieved. The variations include material of the part and how the binding of each layer occurs. The adding of material only where it is needed reduces the waste of milling parts by subtracting up to 80% of the raw material. This process has received the attention of industries trying to cut costs. The emerging 4D printing is an evolution of the 3D printing. It utilizes the properties of composite materials to transform flat 3D prints into complex shapes over time by adding an external stimulus. This reduces material waste, production time, labor cost, and has an increased strength, which makes it a viable manufacturing process.

Syntactic metal foams are drawing much attention because of their good strength, high compressibility, and especially their advantageous mechanical and physical properties. Syntactic metal foams will significantly improve the world around us and will be used in a large number of applications. The paper shows how syntactic metal foams are extremely useful for multiple applications and that they are capable of withstanding many internal and external impacts from the environment. The paper summarizes research based on the advantages of using syntactic metal foams due to their strong, light weight structure, and the paper will also introduce the materials and processes required to produce these various syntactic metal foams.

Nanomaterials can be found in all our products that we use daily. There is a global concern for

pollution in our environment a growing need of more sustainable processes. Green

nanotechnology was developed to synthesize nanomaterials and reduce the amount of energy

used and waste produced. The paper presents a review of the methods of synthesizing green

nanomaterials and their application in various fields. Green nanomaterials are synthesized from

organic material such as plant and plant waste, bacteria, fungi, etc. The process of synthesizing

green nanomaterials takes less energy and produces less pollution than synthesizing

nanomaterials chemically. The physical and chemical properties of green nanomaterials enhance

their ability to absorb toxins from the environment. More research needs to be conducted to

lower the cost of synthesizing green nanomaterials.

  Nanotechnology is becoming a crucial driving force behind innovation in medicine and healthcare, with a range of advances including nanoscale therapeutics, biosensors, implantable devices, drug delivery systems, and imaging technologies. Universities also have begun to offer dedicated nanomedicine degree programs (example: MSc program in Nanotechnology for Medicine and Health Care). A nanotechnology-based system, for instance to eradicate cancer, needs four elements: 1) Molecular imaging at the cellular level so that even the slightest overexpression’s can be monitored; 2) effective molecular targeting after identifying specific surface or nucleic acid markers; 3) a technique to kill the cells, that are identified as cancerous based on molecular imaging, simultaneously by photodynamic therapy or drug delivery, and 4) a post molecular imaging technique to monitor the therapeutic efficacy. This paper introduces the many healthcare advances that may be possible through nanotechnology, ranging from fitness monitoring, prevention, diagnosis to therapy, and everything in between, as well as the problems existing in present research and a proposal for future studies. 

The field of Nanorobotics is the making and controlling of things call nanobots. Nanobots are incredible small robots made up of microscopic materials and are at this moment mostly used to help people who are very sick like cancer patients. 

The potential use of such small machines are very high if done correctly and made in bulk. Even though Nanorobotics is a new in terms of how long nanobots having bine actually made the idea of miniature doctors going into the body has bine around since the 1960’s. The thing is only in the more modern times have the build of theses microscopic robots and devises have bine made but they have made a great impact in the medical industry like to show.

The main parts of the nanobot are the sensors or the biosensors for organic bots, propulsion equipment, power supplies and molecular computers, and storage compartments or manipulators depending on what the bots are used for.

Nanobots can be made with of organic or inorganic materials such as metals or diamond or in the case of organic materials like proteins and polynucleotides. In the case of inorganic materials like diamond stands out for its high strength and high performance.

Green concrete is a material that aims to replace original Portland cement concrete. This is due to its positive environmental impact while retaining the same or similar structural, physical, and mechanical properties. This makes it one of the world’s most important building materials. Green concrete significantly reduces the production of carbon dioxide compared to Portland cement concrete. This paper briefly introduces how green concrete can be made primarily through the addition of fly ash, and the effect this has on the structure of the concrete and its physical properties such as electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and thermal expansion. It also introduces green concretes mechanical properties such as elastic and plastic deformation as well as the young’s modulus and tensile strength. 

  Luminescent cement composite material (LCCM) is formed using a percentage of reflective powder (RP) and luminescent powder (LP) with White Portland Cement [1]. This composite cement has the potential to add energy free lighting to areas that are difficult to light using electricity, yet where safety can be improved with light. This composite material has displayed increased compressive and flexural strength over the standard control material of White Portland Cement without additives[1]. The 28-day curing time of the composite had a maximum compressive strength of 45.6 MPa over the control material with a standard value of 42.5 MPa [1]. Similarly, the maximum flexural strength of the composite compared to the standard control material was 11.8 MPa and 6.5 MPa respectively [1]. The afterglow of the LCCM material has a visible brightness in the range of 0.02-0.2 cd/m2 at 8 hours [1]. 

With environmentalism on the rise, the options to use greener materials in the construction industry can seem more appealing in modern times. Concrete is a mundane material that is used in almost every construction project ever done. Bridges, roads, and buildings all have some variation of concrete put into them. With the push to use produce less waste, materials such as recycled concrete using recycled aggregate (RCA) must be examined and considered as a viable replacement for concrete that uses freshly quarried natural aggregate (NA). This paper analyzed if recycled concrete can be a suitable replacement for NA based concrete. The physical and mechanical properties of recycled concrete were examined and compared to those of NA concrete, along with a cost analysis and the manufacturing process. The results indicated that RCAs have a lower density, thermal conductivity, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus than NA. However, NAs were found to be more brittle than RCAs as seen in the stress-strain curves having their fracture point appear earlier in the curve. Through testing multiple concrete mixes and designs with varying percentages that when a mix has closer to 0% recycled aggregate, its properties will be closer to that of concrete made with pure natural aggregate. 

Carbon fiber is a dynamic material that has been found to be useful for its combination of mechanical and physical properties. The properties that are found to be most useful are its strength to weight ratio, high thermal and chemical stability, biostability and durability. This report covered how and why based on the properties of carbon fiber, PAN-based and nano carbon fibers, and the effect on the fields of aerospace, medical, and automotive. 

The materials within today’s world are much different then they were in the past years. Eras ago

when the reference of materials came about, the most common materials were thought of. These

materials were most likely wood, rock, water, dirt, or clay. As time went on these materials were

developed into much greater things. Shortly following, materials such as clay and concrete were

derived and a new form of structure was developed. These items made for much stronger houses

as they were much sturdier and solid than the average piece of wood. Many new and different

materials are learned and created every year. No longer relating to simply structure, materials are

used in just about everything and can also relate to much more. Today materials most commonly

refer to metals, gases, plastics, and much more. Due to technological advancements over the

years, materials can also be created at a microscopic level. One up and coming material that may

be a lifechanger is Cellulose Nanopaper.

Cellulose nanopaper is a composite material that is manufactured not found. This

material can be manufactured in many different ways depending on what the usage and strength

needed would be. For instance, Cellulose Nanopaper can be manufactured to be thick and strong

or soft and flexible. Because of the chemical and physical properties of Cellulose Nanopaper, it

is in testing to be flame resistant. On the other end of the spectrum Cellulose Nanopaper can also

be used as a drug delivery method. In simple terms it can be used in the makeup of pills or

capsules for medicine. It is easy to see the wide spectrum of usage for this material based off of

only these two uses. As technology advances the uses and availability of Cellulose Nanopaper

will only increase.

 The mustang P-51 is an amazing aircraft that was used In the world wars, and it has truly changed the way aircrafts are made today.  The mustang P-51 got its name because there was many different transformations that the artcraft went through. What makes it so special is the engineering and materials that went into creating and manufacturing the aircraft. From wheels, to wings, to the structural all the way to the shell of the aircraft. The main focus will be the shell of the aircraft to inform readers of aluminum 2024 and the basic properties it has to offer. Aluminum 2024 is very ductility and at the same time has a lot of strength. Some other topics will include mechanical properties, structural properties, and physical properties this metal has to offer. how the manufacturing process of the Aluminum 2024 T3, and what makes it so incredible as the shell of the mustang P-51.[8]